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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">智能微电网</h1>
        

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        <h2 id="导读"><a href="#导读" class="headerlink" title="导读"></a>导读</h2><p><strong>微电网，听起来就像是微服务一样，总觉得和<code>SpringCloud</code>、模块化、可插拔的灵活架构有关。</strong></p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h2 id="微电网"><a href="#微电网" class="headerlink" title="微电网"></a>微电网</h2><p><strong>微电网</strong>和<strong>电网</strong>有一定的区别。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>电力系统中各种电压的变电所及输配电线路组成的整体，称为<strong>电力网</strong>。它包含<strong>变电</strong>、<strong>输电</strong>、<strong>配电</strong>三个单元。电力网的任务是输送与分配电能，改变电压。</p>
<p>——百度百科【<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/电网/1250763" target="_blank" rel="noopener">电网</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>也就是说，电网只是单纯的一张<strong>网</strong>，电厂、工厂、公司、家庭等等就像是网中的一个<strong>节点</strong>，节点之间依靠各种电线、变电器、配电器等等<strong>相互连接</strong>。这就是日常生活最普遍的基本电力网络，<strong>单纯供电用网络</strong>。但也正是这个电力网络，是中国现今<strong>特高压坚强电网</strong>的基石，也是“基建狂魔”背后的重要支撑。</p>
<p>那么<strong>微电网</strong>又是什么呢？</p>
<blockquote>
<p>微电网（Micro-Grid）也译为微网，是指由<strong>分布式电源</strong>、<strong>储能装置</strong>、<strong>能量转换装置</strong>、<strong>负荷</strong>、<strong>监控</strong>和<strong>保护装置</strong>等组成的<strong>小型发配电系统</strong>。</p>
<p>——百度百科【<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/微电网/568036" target="_blank" rel="noopener">微电网</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>看起来这个说明相较于电网更高端？但是我们来提取关键字：“<strong>小型发配电系统</strong>”，也就是说微电网只是单纯的体量小一些，<strong>本质还是电网</strong>。</p>
<h2 id="微服务"><a href="#微服务" class="headerlink" title="微服务"></a>微服务</h2><p>如果你以前是Java工程师，那么你应该对<strong>微服务</strong>有所了解。</p>
<p>由于一台机器的负载能力和处理能力是非常有限的，所以将一整个项目拆分成多个模块，每个模块使用一台机器发布服务，这样整个项目的处理能力和负载能力就明显提高了。而<strong>微服务</strong>的核心，就是<strong>分布式</strong>。</p>
<p>打个比方，你一直照顾你们家好多只猫娘的一日三餐。但是你的钱再怎么也不够花一年，所以除了一日三餐你还得工作。虽然非常累的时候有猫娘能治愈你的内心，但这也不是办法。</p>
<p>于是你决定让一些听话懂事的猫娘帮你做饭。比如，大姐帮你剁肉、二姐帮你择菜、最有活力的几个出去购物等等。每只猫娘都在整个做饭过程中都帮了一小部分忙，这样你每天也轻松多了。</p>
<p>这就是微服务，分解、解耦、各司其职，<strong>分布式</strong>就是最核心的部分。</p>
<h2 id="微电网和微服务"><a href="#微电网和微服务" class="headerlink" title="微电网和微服务"></a>微电网和微服务</h2><p>同样的，<strong>微电网</strong>也适用于这样的解释。</p>
<p>微电网由各种分布式的装置，将各个<strong>小规模</strong>的储能装置联合起来形成<strong>大容量</strong>的储能厂；同时保护装置、负荷装置、能量转换装置以及监控保护装置都能够使用<strong>较小型</strong>的设备，减小了开支；同时分布式的架构也能够轻松实现模块的新增和删除，即分布式设备的<strong>即插即用</strong>；不仅如此，分布式的电源能够使得<strong>多种完全不同的发电装置</strong>有了合并的可能，比如风能、太阳能、潮汐能等新兴的新能源发电技术；再加上，地形复杂的西部地区，发电装置难以互联、用电之处远在东南，分布式更适合这种<strong>复杂的地理环境</strong>，更不用说像南海诸岛这样甚至无法架设地面缆线的<strong>极端地形</strong>……可以说是具有相当多的便利了。</p>
<p>当然，有方便之处当然也就有麻烦之处。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>在高并发分布式的场景下，故障经常是突然间就<strong>雪崩式爆发</strong>。所以必须建立完善的监控体系，尽可能发现故障的征兆。</p>
<p>——知乎<strong>老刘</strong>对<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/65502802" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>什么是微服务架构</strong></a>的回答（一楼）</p>
</blockquote>
<p>由于<strong>微服务</strong>是由各个模块相互之间交流构成的，所以往往出现错误之后虽然能够补救，却难定位。错误在开发过程中很难预测，往往在开发中就只是用一个统一错误处理草率解决；不仅如此，一旦微服务架构中某个模块出错甚至可能导致整个系统雪崩。所以定位错误有些困难，处理和解决错误也难。<strong>微电网也不例外</strong>。分布式的微电网在故障检测的时候往往要消耗更大的代价。大量的传输线、变压器、配电器，使得监测代价提升了不止一倍；更何况，雪崩之后不知道会发生什么事故，甚至会有工作人员伤亡的可能。</p>
<p>万事万物都是矛盾的，微电网也是。但是，考虑到将来带来的方便，这些缺点无论如何都是要硬着头皮克服了。</p>
<h2 id="现存的微电网标准"><a href="#现存的微电网标准" class="headerlink" title="现存的微电网标准"></a>现存的微电网标准</h2><h3 id="美国"><a href="#美国" class="headerlink" title="美国"></a>美国</h3><p>对于美国地广人稀的特点，部分远郊地区供电成本过大，分布式电网确实比较适合；而华盛顿、曼哈顿等大城市却又是用电量超越想象，分布式电网也拥有较大的负载和能量储存系统，也是不错的选择。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>而美国CERTS定义的微电网要设计成当主电网发生故障时微电网与主电网无缝解列或成孤岛运行，一旦故障去除后便可与主电网重新连接。这种微电网的优点是它在与之相连的配电系统中被视为一个自控型实体，保证重要用户电力供应的不间断，提高供电的可靠性，减少馈线损耗，对当地电压起支持和校正作用。</p>
<p>——百度百科【<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/微电网/568036" target="_blank" rel="noopener">微电网</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>可以看到美国对于微电网的要求是具有高灵活度的“热插拔”，也就是分布式模块中的某一个模块坏掉了之后能够立马像火箭一样脱离整体，保证其他地区用电的同时将故障区域隔离开，方便之后的检修。这也是体现了美国使用科技解放人力的主旨。</p>
<h3 id="欧盟"><a href="#欧盟" class="headerlink" title="欧盟"></a>欧盟</h3><p>而欧洲因为起步较早，已经有了相应的气候，整个电网生态的诸多理论已有苗头。另外，相应的，欧盟国家的多个地区为了更好的发展，也一直在互相帮助，高度工业化的欧洲国家也就在互相帮助中有了完全不同的技术与规范。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>欧洲提出要充分利用分布式能源、智能技术、先进电力电子技术等实现集中供电与分布式发电的高效紧密结合，并积极鼓励社会各界广泛参与电力市场，共同推进电网发展。微电网以其智能性、能量利用多元化等特点也成为欧洲未来电网的重要组成。欧洲已初步形成了微电网的运行、控制、保护、安全及通信等理论，并在实验室微电网平台上对这些理论进行了验证。其后续任务将集中于研究更加先进的控制策略、制定相应的标准、建立示范工程等。即，为分布式电源与可再生能源的大规模接入以及传统电网向智能电网的初步过渡做积极准备。</p>
<p>——百度百科【<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/微电网/568036" target="_blank" rel="noopener">微电网</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>可以看出，欧洲对于电网的主旨便是像以前的苏联一样，各司其职、物尽其用。另外，已经高度工业化、甚至开始去工业化的欧洲地区，对于电网的另一个考虑就是可再生的清洁能源。</p>
<h3 id="日本"><a href="#日本" class="headerlink" title="日本"></a>日本</h3><p>了解世界地图的人应该都知道，日本这个弹丸之地资源非常有限，需求却始终随着时代的发展不停上涨。所以日本的主题更偏向能源多样化。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>微电网是指在一定区域内利用可控的分布式电源，根据用户需求提供电能的小型系统。</p>
<p>东京大学给出的定义：微电网是一种由分布式电源组成的独立系统，一般通过联络线与大系统相连，由于供电与需求的不平衡关系，微电网可选择与主网之间互供或者独立运行。</p>
<p>三菱公司给出的定义：微电网是一种包含电源和热能设备以及负荷的小型可控系统，对外表现为一整体单元并可以接入主网运行；并且将以传统电源供电的独立电力系统也归入为微电网研究范畴，大大扩展了美国CERTS对微电网的定义范围。</p>
<p>——百度百科【<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/微电网/568036" target="_blank" rel="noopener">微电网</a>】</p>
<p>日本微电网的架构允许燃气轮机等旋转发电设备直接接入到微电网同步运行，目前，日本的微电网研究集中在负荷跟踪能力、电能质量监控、电力供需平衡、经济调度以及孤岛稳定运行等方面。</p>
<p>——中国储能网【<a href="http://www.escn.com.cn/news/show-187504.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">日本微电网项目介绍</a>】</p>
<p>在Hachinohe的微电网展示项目中，目标主要集中在研究间歇的可再生能源发电对微电网控制的影响，分布式电源包括：PV、小型风力机和生物质能发电。</p>
<p>——中国储能网【<a href="http://www.escn.com.cn/news/show-187504.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">日本微电网项目介绍</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>可以看到，因为资源非常有限，能源来源非常多样，分布式储能系统正好应对了多种能源来源；同时，多样的能源转化、灵活的配电系统，能够让日本针对各种各样的场景进行灵活的升降配。但是，日本却<strong>没有</strong>将设备的<strong>即插即用</strong>考虑进电网之中，具体原因无可考证。但是分布式电源的多样化却做的非常认真，也算是在具有日本特色的发展时代中有所偏重。</p>
<h2 id="我国的微电网现状"><a href="#我国的微电网现状" class="headerlink" title="我国的微电网现状"></a>我国的微电网现状</h2><p>一些发达国家已经先走一步了，现在已经有了略高于我们的成就。但是，毕竟我们有着大量的测试用户（<em>14亿人</em>）、大量的复杂地形（<em>从高原到盆地一应俱全</em>）和大量的刁钻使用方式（<em>从日常使用到工业控制，甚至从军事用电到黑市挖矿</em>），我们若是一一攻克，说不定还有再重大技术上超越发达国家的可能，就比如现如今的音媒体和电子支付已经是远远超过任何一个国家了。当然这也只是我单纯的猜想和内心的希望。</p>
<p>说点实际的吧。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>从2017年开始，国家标准和能源局的文件里已经开始正式把这个定义明确，上升到国家标准层面或者是上升到国家政策层面，在标准里面规定微电网是指由分布式发电、用电负荷、监控、保护和自动化装置等组成的，是一个能够基本实现内部电力电量平衡的小型供电系统，微电网分为并网型微电网和独立型微电网。在2017年能源局发的文件里面，对这个定义也做了进一步的明确，基本上也是比较类似的表述。</p>
<p>——搜狐网：<strong>国电阳光</strong>【<a href="https://www.sohu.com/a/236529823_100005941" target="_blank" rel="noopener">微电网技术当前现状及未来发展趋势</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>可以看到，2017年国家开始重视微电网，并制定了国家层面的标准与规范。事实上，中国在最近5年间已经几近完成了“坚强电网”，所以对于普通民众来说普通电网和微电网并没有什么特别大的差别。但是在石油无法自给自足、甚至还被其他国家左右命运的时代中，可再生的新能源迫在眉睫；同时为了弥补新能源供能尚且不足以超过石油的缺点，多个发电厂联合功能、统一管理也是为了整个电网的安全和稳定不得不作出的考虑。</p>
<p>当然，高层还做出了更远的考虑。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>两大电网公司在今年初都相继提出要向综合能源供应上转变，怎么将电力、燃气、水务、热力等多种资源捆绑成一种资源，实现彼此耦合，解决有关能源的有效利用和调峰的问题，这是微网要解决的问题，当然这也是我们电网公司发展的一个重要的机遇。</p>
<p>——搜狐网：<strong>国电阳光</strong>【<a href="https://www.sohu.com/a/236529823_100005941" target="_blank" rel="noopener">微电网技术当前现状及未来发展趋势</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>可以想象，未来肯定是将会统一管理的。若是发展到了足够优秀的地步，也是能够一切按照各种仪器设备和各类管理系统进行统一的管理，“一条龙服务”的方便未来似乎近在眼前了，不再因为石油危机担忧的未来也不远了，甚至就连一带一路沿线的所有经营点、合作国都将用上这样方便的微电网，逐步走向合作共赢、实现人类命运共同体。</p>

      
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  <script type="text/javascript">
    // Popup Window;
    var isfetched = false;
    var isXml = true;
    // Search DB path;
    var search_path = "search.xml";
    if (search_path.length === 0) {
      search_path = "search.xml";
    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
      isXml = false;
    }
    var path = "/" + search_path;
    // monitor main search box;

    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
      $('.popup').hide();
      $('#local-search-input').val('');
      $('.search-result-list').remove();
      $('#no-result').remove();
      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
      $('body').css('overflow', '');
    }

    function proceedsearch() {
      $("body")
        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
      $('.popup').toggle();
      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
      $localSearchInput.focus();
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    // search function;
    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
      'use strict';

      // start loading animation
      $("body")
        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
          '</div>' +
          '</div>')
        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');

      $.ajax({
        url: path,
        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
        async: true,
        success: function(res) {
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          isfetched = true;
          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
            return {
              title: $("title", this).text(),
              content: $("content",this).text(),
              url: $("url" , this).text()
            };
          }).get() : res;
          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
          var inputEventFunction = function() {
            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
            if (keywords.length > 1) {
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            }
            var resultItems = [];
            if (searchText.length > 0) {
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              datas.forEach(function(data) {
                var isMatch = false;
                var hitCount = 0;
                var searchTextCount = 0;
                var title = data.title.trim();
                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
                var indexOfTitle = [];
                var indexOfContent = [];
                // only match articles with not empty titles
                if(title != '') {
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                      if (!caseSensitive) {
                        text = text.toLowerCase();
                        word = word.toLowerCase();
                      }
                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
                      }
                      return index;
                    }

                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
                  });
                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
                    isMatch = true;
                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
                  }
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                // show search results

                if (isMatch) {
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                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
                      } else {
                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
                      }
                    });
                  });

                  // merge hits into slices

                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
                    var position = item.position;
                    var word = item.word;
                    var hits = [];
                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
                      if (word === searchText) {
                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
                      }
                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;

                      // move to next position of hit

                      index.pop();
                      while (index.length != 0) {
                        item = index[index.length - 1];
                        position = item.position;
                        word = item.word;
                        if (wordEnd > position) {
                          index.pop();
                        } else {
                          break;
                        }
                      }
                    }
                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
                    return {
                      hits: hits,
                      start: start,
                      end: end,
                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
                    };
                  }

                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
                  }

                  var slicesOfContent = [];
                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
                    var position = item.position;
                    var word = item.word;
                    // cut out 100 characters
                    var start = position - 20;
                    var end = position + 80;
                    if(start < 0){
                      start = 0;
                    }
                    if (end < position + word.length) {
                      end = position + word.length;
                    }
                    if(end > content.length){
                      end = content.length;
                    }
                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
                  }

                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count

                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
                    } else {
                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
                    }
                  });

                  // select top N slices in content

                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
                  }

                  // highlight title and content

                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
                    var result = '';
                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
                      prevEnd = end;
                    });
                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
                    return result;
                  }

                  var resultItem = '';

                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
                  } else {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
                  }

                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
                  });

                  resultItem += "</li>";
                  resultItems.push({
                    item: resultItem,
                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
                    hitCount: hitCount,
                    id: resultItems.length
                  });
                }
              })
            };
            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else {
              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
                } else {
                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
                }
              });
              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
                searchResultList += result.item;
              })
              searchResultList += "</ul>";
              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
            }
          }

          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
          } else {
            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
                inputEventFunction();
              }
            });
          }

          // remove loading animation
          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
          $('body').css('overflow', '');

          proceedsearch();
        }
      });
    }

    // handle and trigger popup window;
    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
      e.stopPropagation();
      if (isfetched === false) {
        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
      } else {
        proceedsearch();
      };
    });

    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
    $('.popup').click(function(e){
      e.stopPropagation();
    });
    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
        onPopupClose();
      }
    });
  </script>





  

  

  

  
  
  
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          flOptions.iconStyle = "box";
      
          flOptions.boxForm = "horizontal";
      
          flOptions.position = "middleRight";
      
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      new needShareButton('#needsharebutton-float', flOptions);
    
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